Five teenagers tell us how they’re already earning their own money.
A. Hannah Ferguson
‘The original idea was to set up a website so that other girls my age could order make-up cheaply. You see, I realized that if I bought lots of make-up from Hong Kong and then sold it through a website, I could make a profit. In the beginning, the money came from my parents, but I paid them back at the end of the first month. Gradually the site grew and now I send make-up all over the country, and we offer advice and tips online. I’ve got a couple of people who work for me part-time, like Alison – she’s our beautician. I want to finish my education, and hopefully keep the website running at the same time, and then go into business in a big way after university. The most important thing at this stage is that I’ve proved to myself that I can do it. The money is nice, of course, but it’s not the main reason I’m doing it.’
B. Craig Little
‘There’s never been that much money at home, especially since Mum and Dad got divorced, so I decided to try to make some myself. I’m only 14, so there are legal restrictions on what kind of work I can do, but I managed to get part-time work in a computer shop. It’s good because it’s something I know about, and it means that Mum doesn’t have to worry about giving me an allowance. I can even help her out with bills occasionally. I don’t spend much each week, so I usually manage to put a little in the bank for a rainy day, as they say.’
C. Naomi Webster
‘Starting at the bottom and working your way up certainly teaches you a lot. It means that I already understand how the place works where the money comes from. I’ve always wanted to go into hairdressing and I think it’s important to start earning your money as soon as you can. I mean, Mum and Dad work for their money, so why shouldn’t I? I don’t think about the future too much – I’m too busy learning and enjoying myself. I never have any money left at the end of the month, but I don’t mind because I know that I spend it on things I enjoy.
D. Neil Chalmers
‘Delivering pizzas wouldn’t be my first choice as a career, but it’s fine for this stage of my life. I get to meet people, even if it is only briefly, and I like to be outdoors. Nobody’s going to get rich doing this, but the money does make a big difference and I notice it at the weekend when I can afford things that maybe others can’t. I think of myself as quite an ambitious person, and I’m planning on studying to be an architect, so I’m not sure this experience is that relevant, really. One thing I’ve learned is that you value money much more when you’ve earned it, and I appreciate the effort my mum and dad put in to make sure the family has enough. The worst thing about the job is the unsociable hours – when everyone’s out partying, I often have to be on my motorbike with a pizza.’
E. Julian Partridge
‘I couldn’t stand the idea of working, so I had to come up with some other way of making money. My parents usually give me what I need, but I was planning a camping holiday with friends and it was important to me that I earned the money somehow. I decided to go to eBay – the website where you can sell all your old stuff to people from around the world. I didn’t think I had anything to sell until my uncle pointed out that I had lots of old action figures. They were still in the boxes, and apparently people collect them. We sat down and worked out what they were worth and I sold them. In the end, we didn’t make as much as I’d hoped, but it was still enough to go on holiday with.’
Five teenagers tell us how they’re already earning their own money.
A. Hannah Ferguson
‘The original idea was to set up a website so that other girls my age could order make-up cheaply. You see, I realized that if I bought lots of make-up from Hong Kong and then sold it through a website, I could make a profit. In the beginning, the money came from my parents, but I paid them back at the end of the first month. Gradually the site grew and now I send make-up all over the country, and we offer advice and tips online. I’ve got a couple of people who work for me part-time, like Alison – she’s our beautician. I want to finish my education, and hopefully keep the website running at the same time, and then go into business in a big way after university. The most important thing at this stage is that I’ve proved to myself that I can do it. The money is nice, of course, but it’s not the main reason I’m doing it.’
B. Craig Little
‘There’s never been that much money at home, especially since Mum and Dad got divorced, so I decided to try to make some myself. I’m only 14, so there are legal restrictions on what kind of work I can do, but I managed to get part-time work in a computer shop. It’s good because it’s something I know about, and it means that Mum doesn’t have to worry about giving me an allowance. I can even help her out with bills occasionally. I don’t spend much each week, so I usually manage to put a little in the bank for a rainy day, as they say.’
C. Naomi Webster
‘Starting at the bottom and working your way up certainly teaches you a lot. It means that I already understand how the place works where the money comes from. I’ve always wanted to go into hairdressing and I think it’s important to start earning your money as soon as you can. I mean, Mum and Dad work for their money, so why shouldn’t I? I don’t think about the future too much – I’m too busy learning and enjoying myself. I never have any money left at the end of the month, but I don’t mind because I know that I spend it on things I enjoy.
D. Neil Chalmers
‘Delivering pizzas wouldn’t be my first choice as a career, but it’s fine for this stage of my life. I get to meet people, even if it is only briefly, and I like to be outdoors. Nobody’s going to get rich doing this, but the money does make a big difference and I notice it at the weekend when I can afford things that maybe others can’t. I think of myself as quite an ambitious person, and I’m planning on studying to be an architect, so I’m not sure this experience is that relevant, really. One thing I’ve learned is that you value money much more when you’ve earned it, and I appreciate the effort my mum and dad put in to make sure the family has enough. The worst thing about the job is the unsociable hours – when everyone’s out partying, I often have to be on my motorbike with a pizza.’
E. Julian Partridge
‘I couldn’t stand the idea of working, so I had to come up with some other way of making money. My parents usually give me what I need, but I was planning a camping holiday with friends and it was important to me that I earned the money somehow. I decided to go to eBay – the website where you can sell all your old stuff to people from around the world. I didn’t think I had anything to sell until my uncle pointed out that I had lots of old action figures. They were still in the boxes, and apparently people collect them. We sat down and worked out what they were worth and I sold them. In the end, we didn’t make as much as I’d hoped, but it was still enough to go on holiday with.’
Five teenagers tell us how they’re already earning their own money.
A. Hannah Ferguson
‘The original idea was to set up a website so that other girls my age could order make-up cheaply. You see, I realized that if I bought lots of make-up from Hong Kong and then sold it through a website, I could make a profit. In the beginning, the money came from my parents, but I paid them back at the end of the first month. Gradually the site grew and now I send make-up all over the country, and we offer advice and tips online. I’ve got a couple of people who work for me part-time, like Alison – she’s our beautician. I want to finish my education, and hopefully keep the website running at the same time, and then go into business in a big way after university. The most important thing at this stage is that I’ve proved to myself that I can do it. The money is nice, of course, but it’s not the main reason I’m doing it.’
B. Craig Little
‘There’s never been that much money at home, especially since Mum and Dad got divorced, so I decided to try to make some myself. I’m only 14, so there are legal restrictions on what kind of work I can do, but I managed to get part-time work in a computer shop. It’s good because it’s something I know about, and it means that Mum doesn’t have to worry about giving me an allowance. I can even help her out with bills occasionally. I don’t spend much each week, so I usually manage to put a little in the bank for a rainy day, as they say.’
C. Naomi Webster
‘Starting at the bottom and working your way up certainly teaches you a lot. It means that I already understand how the place works where the money comes from. I’ve always wanted to go into hairdressing and I think it’s important to start earning your money as soon as you can. I mean, Mum and Dad work for their money, so why shouldn’t I? I don’t think about the future too much – I’m too busy learning and enjoying myself. I never have any money left at the end of the month, but I don’t mind because I know that I spend it on things I enjoy.
D. Neil Chalmers
‘Delivering pizzas wouldn’t be my first choice as a career, but it’s fine for this stage of my life. I get to meet people, even if it is only briefly, and I like to be outdoors. Nobody’s going to get rich doing this, but the money does make a big difference and I notice it at the weekend when I can afford things that maybe others can’t. I think of myself as quite an ambitious person, and I’m planning on studying to be an architect, so I’m not sure this experience is that relevant, really. One thing I’ve learned is that you value money much more when you’ve earned it, and I appreciate the effort my mum and dad put in to make sure the family has enough. The worst thing about the job is the unsociable hours – when everyone’s out partying, I often have to be on my motorbike with a pizza.’
E. Julian Partridge
‘I couldn’t stand the idea of working, so I had to come up with some other way of making money. My parents usually give me what I need, but I was planning a camping holiday with friends and it was important to me that I earned the money somehow. I decided to go to eBay – the website where you can sell all your old stuff to people from around the world. I didn’t think I had anything to sell until my uncle pointed out that I had lots of old action figures. They were still in the boxes, and apparently people collect them. We sat down and worked out what they were worth and I sold them. In the end, we didn’t make as much as I’d hoped, but it was still enough to go on holiday with.’
What is Ferguson’ first idea when setting up a web?
Five teenagers tell us how they’re already earning their own money.
A. Hannah Ferguson
‘The original idea was to set up a website so that other girls my age could order make-up cheaply. You see, I realized that if I bought lots of make-up from Hong Kong and then sold it through a website, I could make a profit. In the beginning, the money came from my parents, but I paid them back at the end of the first month. Gradually the site grew and now I send make-up all over the country, and we offer advice and tips online. I’ve got a couple of people who work for me part-time, like Alison – she’s our beautician. I want to finish my education, and hopefully keep the website running at the same time, and then go into business in a big way after university. The most important thing at this stage is that I’ve proved to myself that I can do it. The money is nice, of course, but it’s not the main reason I’m doing it.’
B. Craig Little
‘There’s never been that much money at home, especially since Mum and Dad got divorced, so I decided to try to make some myself. I’m only 14, so there are legal restrictions on what kind of work I can do, but I managed to get part-time work in a computer shop. It’s good because it’s something I know about, and it means that Mum doesn’t have to worry about giving me an allowance. I can even help her out with bills occasionally. I don’t spend much each week, so I usually manage to put a little in the bank for a rainy day, as they say.’
C. Naomi Webster
‘Starting at the bottom and working your way up certainly teaches you a lot. It means that I already understand how the place works where the money comes from. I’ve always wanted to go into hairdressing and I think it’s important to start earning your money as soon as you can. I mean, Mum and Dad work for their money, so why shouldn’t I? I don’t think about the future too much – I’m too busy learning and enjoying myself. I never have any money left at the end of the month, but I don’t mind because I know that I spend it on things I enjoy.
D. Neil Chalmers
‘Delivering pizzas wouldn’t be my first choice as a career, but it’s fine for this stage of my life. I get to meet people, even if it is only briefly, and I like to be outdoors. Nobody’s going to get rich doing this, but the money does make a big difference and I notice it at the weekend when I can afford things that maybe others can’t. I think of myself as quite an ambitious person, and I’m planning on studying to be an architect, so I’m not sure this experience is that relevant, really. One thing I’ve learned is that you value money much more when you’ve earned it, and I appreciate the effort my mum and dad put in to make sure the family has enough. The worst thing about the job is the unsociable hours – when everyone’s out partying, I often have to be on my motorbike with a pizza.’
E. Julian Partridge
‘I couldn’t stand the idea of working, so I had to come up with some other way of making money. My parents usually give me what I need, but I was planning a camping holiday with friends and it was important to me that I earned the money somehow. I decided to go to eBay – the website where you can sell all your old stuff to people from around the world. I didn’t think I had anything to sell until my uncle pointed out that I had lots of old action figures. They were still in the boxes, and apparently people collect them. We sat down and worked out what they were worth and I sold them. In the end, we didn’t make as much as I’d hoped, but it was still enough to go on holiday with.’
What does Chalmers think when taking the part-time job?
A. He thinks people often are seduced by money and earning money at any price
B. He thinks people make the money much more valuable when they earn it by themselves
C. He thinks he is an ambitious person and is easy to be allured by money
Five teenagers tell us how they’re already earning their own money.
A. Hannah Ferguson
‘The original idea was to set up a website so that other girls my age could order make-up cheaply. You see, I realized that if I bought lots of make-up from Hong Kong and then sold it through a website, I could make a profit. In the beginning, the money came from my parents, but I paid them back at the end of the first month. Gradually the site grew and now I send make-up all over the country, and we offer advice and tips online. I’ve got a couple of people who work for me part-time, like Alison – she’s our beautician. I want to finish my education, and hopefully keep the website running at the same time, and then go into business in a big way after university. The most important thing at this stage is that I’ve proved to myself that I can do it. The money is nice, of course, but it’s not the main reason I’m doing it.’
B. Craig Little
‘There’s never been that much money at home, especially since Mum and Dad got divorced, so I decided to try to make some myself. I’m only 14, so there are legal restrictions on what kind of work I can do, but I managed to get part-time work in a computer shop. It’s good because it’s something I know about, and it means that Mum doesn’t have to worry about giving me an allowance. I can even help her out with bills occasionally. I don’t spend much each week, so I usually manage to put a little in the bank for a rainy day, as they say.’
C. Naomi Webster
‘Starting at the bottom and working your way up certainly teaches you a lot. It means that I already understand how the place works where the money comes from. I’ve always wanted to go into hairdressing and I think it’s important to start earning your money as soon as you can. I mean, Mum and Dad work for their money, so why shouldn’t I? I don’t think about the future too much – I’m too busy learning and enjoying myself. I never have any money left at the end of the month, but I don’t mind because I know that I spend it on things I enjoy.
D. Neil Chalmers
‘Delivering pizzas wouldn’t be my first choice as a career, but it’s fine for this stage of my life. I get to meet people, even if it is only briefly, and I like to be outdoors. Nobody’s going to get rich doing this, but the money does make a big difference and I notice it at the weekend when I can afford things that maybe others can’t. I think of myself as quite an ambitious person, and I’m planning on studying to be an architect, so I’m not sure this experience is that relevant, really. One thing I’ve learned is that you value money much more when you’ve earned it, and I appreciate the effort my mum and dad put in to make sure the family has enough. The worst thing about the job is the unsociable hours – when everyone’s out partying, I often have to be on my motorbike with a pizza.’
E. Julian Partridge
‘I couldn’t stand the idea of working, so I had to come up with some other way of making money. My parents usually give me what I need, but I was planning a camping holiday with friends and it was important to me that I earned the money somehow. I decided to go to eBay – the website where you can sell all your old stuff to people from around the world. I didn’t think I had anything to sell until my uncle pointed out that I had lots of old action figures. They were still in the boxes, and apparently people collect them. We sat down and worked out what they were worth and I sold them. In the end, we didn’t make as much as I’d hoped, but it was still enough to go on holiday with.’
Little got a par-time work when she was 14 and what did she do with her money earned?
Five teenagers tell us how they’re already earning their own money.
A. Hannah Ferguson
‘The original idea was to set up a website so that other girls my age could order make-up cheaply. You see, I realized that if I bought lots of make-up from Hong Kong and then sold it through a website, I could make a profit. In the beginning, the money came from my parents, but I paid them back at the end of the first month. Gradually the site grew and now I send make-up all over the country, and we offer advice and tips online. I’ve got a couple of people who work for me part-time, like Alison – she’s our beautician. I want to finish my education, and hopefully keep the website running at the same time, and then go into business in a big way after university. The most important thing at this stage is that I’ve proved to myself that I can do it. The money is nice, of course, but it’s not the main reason I’m doing it.’
B. Craig Little
‘There’s never been that much money at home, especially since Mum and Dad got divorced, so I decided to try to make some myself. I’m only 14, so there are legal restrictions on what kind of work I can do, but I managed to get part-time work in a computer shop. It’s good because it’s something I know about, and it means that Mum doesn’t have to worry about giving me an allowance. I can even help her out with bills occasionally. I don’t spend much each week, so I usually manage to put a little in the bank for a rainy day, as they say.’
C. Naomi Webster
‘Starting at the bottom and working your way up certainly teaches you a lot. It means that I already understand how the place works where the money comes from. I’ve always wanted to go into hairdressing and I think it’s important to start earning your money as soon as you can. I mean, Mum and Dad work for their money, so why shouldn’t I? I don’t think about the future too much – I’m too busy learning and enjoying myself. I never have any money left at the end of the month, but I don’t mind because I know that I spend it on things I enjoy.
D. Neil Chalmers
‘Delivering pizzas wouldn’t be my first choice as a career, but it’s fine for this stage of my life. I get to meet people, even if it is only briefly, and I like to be outdoors. Nobody’s going to get rich doing this, but the money does make a big difference and I notice it at the weekend when I can afford things that maybe others can’t. I think of myself as quite an ambitious person, and I’m planning on studying to be an architect, so I’m not sure this experience is that relevant, really. One thing I’ve learned is that you value money much more when you’ve earned it, and I appreciate the effort my mum and dad put in to make sure the family has enough. The worst thing about the job is the unsociable hours – when everyone’s out partying, I often have to be on my motorbike with a pizza.’
E. Julian Partridge
‘I couldn’t stand the idea of working, so I had to come up with some other way of making money. My parents usually give me what I need, but I was planning a camping holiday with friends and it was important to me that I earned the money somehow. I decided to go to eBay – the website where you can sell all your old stuff to people from around the world. I didn’t think I had anything to sell until my uncle pointed out that I had lots of old action figures. They were still in the boxes, and apparently people collect them. We sat down and worked out what they were worth and I sold them. In the end, we didn’t make as much as I’d hoped, but it was still enough to go on holiday with.’
Chalmers’ first choice as a carrier is delivering pizza because
A. He could have chance to meet people
B. He think that it could be suitable for him at that stage
AFor business, the world is becoming a smaller place. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier, communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world and trade barriers are breaking down. Consequently, there are tremendous opportunities for businesses to broaden their markets into foreign countries. The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine whether marketing methods should be adapted to different markets based on specific cultural factors.
BMany theorists argue that, with the ‘shrinking of the world, global standardization is inevitable. Over time, and as economies develop, it has been suggested that consumer buying patterns will blend into on another and national differences may disappear. Kellogg, the American breakfast cereal producer, has been very influential in challenging consumption patterns in countries outside the United States. In France, for example, breakfast cereals were almost unheard of, and market research suggested that the market was closed to companies like Kellogg. However, today, there is a demand for breakfast cereal across France. Nevertheless, the standardization of products for worldwide consumption in this way is rarely the most effective strategy as it evident from an analysis of the following key aspects of global marketing.
CFirst of all, it is considered better business practice by many large, established companies to change their products from one country to the next. Take the example of Coca-Cola. The recipe for this drink is change to suit local tastes – the brand in the US is much sweeter than in the UK, whilst in India the product’s herbs and flouring are given more emphasis. In terms of the car industry, it would be too expensive for manufacturers to develop and build completely different vehicles for different markets yet a single global model is likely to appeal to no one. In response to varying needs, Nissan, for example, sells in 75 different markets, but has eight different chassis designs. The Ford Mondeo was designed with key features from different markets in mind in an effort to make its appeal as broad as possible. The best policy, as far as most multi-national companies are concerned, is to adapt their product to a particular market.
DSecondly, it is important to consider whether a product should be launched simultaneously in all countries (known as a ‘sprinkler launch’) or sequentially in one market after another (‘a waterfall launch’). In practice, most companies producing consumer goods tend to launch a new product in one or two markets at a time rather than attempt to launch a product across a range of countries at a single time. Many high-tech products such as Blu-ray players reach the market in Japan before reaching the UK. Hollywood films are often seen in the United States weeks or months before they arrive in other countries.
EThe advantage for firms is that it is easier to launch in one market at a time. Effort and concentration can be focused to ensure the best possible entry into the market. Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in a single market and can be corrected prior to launch elsewhere. Even though this method can be time-consuming, it is usually a safer approach than a simultaneous launch. Despite this, in certain highly competitive markets such as computer chips, companies such as Intel tend to launch their new products internationally at the same time to keep the product ahead of its competitors.
FThe final consideration when planning to enter a global market, rather than assuming the product will suit all markets is to take cultural differences into account. Prices have to convert to a different currency and any literature has to be translated into a different language. There are also less tangible differences. It is quite possible that common practices in one country can cause offence and have grave consequences for business success in another. In one situation in China, a western businessman caused offence to a group of local delegates because he started to fill out the paperwork immediately after shaking hands on a deal. Completing the legal documents so soon after the negotiations was regarded as undermining the host’s trust. Knowledge about such culture differences is absolutely vital.
GTherefore, if a company is attempting to broaden its operations globally, it must take the time to find out about local customs and methods of business operation. Equally important is to ensure that such information is available to all necessary workers in the organization, For example, in order to attempt to avoid causing offence to passengers from abroad, British Airways aims to raise awareness of cultural differences amongst all its cabin crew.
HIt can be concluded that global standardization of products to ‘fit’ all markets unlikely to be the most viable option. Marketing methods employed will depend on many factors, such as the type of products, the degree of competition, the reputation of the firm and/or the brand, the state of the economy into which the product is to be launched and how and when to launch. In short, the key to marketing success on a global level is to have sufficient information on how cultural differences are likely affect the marketing of a product and then allow the appropriate decisions to be made.
Why is globalization said to be a good thing for many developing countries?
A. Because they may have access to different markets
B. Because they may export different goods
C. Because they have the chance to develop their country economically
AFor business, the world is becoming a smaller place. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier, communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world and trade barriers are breaking down. Consequently, there are tremendous opportunities for businesses to broaden their markets into foreign countries. The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine whether marketing methods should be adapted to different markets based on specific cultural factors.
BMany theorists argue that, with the ‘shrinking of the world, global standardization is inevitable. Over time, and as economies develop, it has been suggested that consumer buying patterns will blend into on another and national differences may disappear. Kellogg, the American breakfast cereal producer, has been very influential in challenging consumption patterns in countries outside the United States. In France, for example, breakfast cereals were almost unheard of, and market research suggested that the market was closed to companies like Kellogg. However, today, there is a demand for breakfast cereal across France. Nevertheless, the standardization of products for worldwide consumption in this way is rarely the most effective strategy as it evident from an analysis of the following key aspects of global marketing.
CFirst of all, it is considered better business practice by many large, established companies to change their products from one country to the next. Take the example of Coca-Cola. The recipe for this drink is change to suit local tastes – the brand in the US is much sweeter than in the UK, whilst in India the product’s herbs and flouring are given more emphasis. In terms of the car industry, it would be too expensive for manufacturers to develop and build completely different vehicles for different markets yet a single global model is likely to appeal to no one. In response to varying needs, Nissan, for example, sells in 75 different markets, but has eight different chassis designs. The Ford Mondeo was designed with key features from different markets in mind in an effort to make its appeal as broad as possible. The best policy, as far as most multi-national companies are concerned, is to adapt their product to a particular market.
DSecondly, it is important to consider whether a product should be launched simultaneously in all countries (known as a ‘sprinkler launch’) or sequentially in one market after another (‘a waterfall launch’). In practice, most companies producing consumer goods tend to launch a new product in one or two markets at a time rather than attempt to launch a product across a range of countries at a single time. Many high-tech products such as Blu-ray players reach the market in Japan before reaching the UK. Hollywood films are often seen in the United States weeks or months before they arrive in other countries.
EThe advantage for firms is that it is easier to launch in one market at a time. Effort and concentration can be focused to ensure the best possible entry into the market. Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in a single market and can be corrected prior to launch elsewhere. Even though this method can be time-consuming, it is usually a safer approach than a simultaneous launch. Despite this, in certain highly competitive markets such as computer chips, companies such as Intel tend to launch their new products internationally at the same time to keep the product ahead of its competitors.
FThe final consideration when planning to enter a global market, rather than assuming the product will suit all markets is to take cultural differences into account. Prices have to convert to a different currency and any literature has to be translated into a different language. There are also less tangible differences. It is quite possible that common practices in one country can cause offence and have grave consequences for business success in another. In one situation in China, a western businessman caused offence to a group of local delegates because he started to fill out the paperwork immediately after shaking hands on a deal. Completing the legal documents so soon after the negotiations was regarded as undermining the host’s trust. Knowledge about such culture differences is absolutely vital.
GTherefore, if a company is attempting to broaden its operations globally, it must take the time to find out about local customs and methods of business operation. Equally important is to ensure that such information is available to all necessary workers in the organization, For example, in order to attempt to avoid causing offence to passengers from abroad, British Airways aims to raise awareness of cultural differences amongst all its cabin crew.
HIt can be concluded that global standardization of products to ‘fit’ all markets unlikely to be the most viable option. Marketing methods employed will depend on many factors, such as the type of products, the degree of competition, the reputation of the firm and/or the brand, the state of the economy into which the product is to be launched and how and when to launch. In short, the key to marketing success on a global level is to have sufficient information on how cultural differences are likely affect the marketing of a product and then allow the appropriate decisions to be made.
What is called “water fall launch” is the strategy where…
A. A product should be launched in all countries at a single time
B. A product should be launched in one or two countries at a time
C. A product should be launched in one or two countries at a time
D. A product should be launched in one country after another
AFor business, the world is becoming a smaller place. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier, communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world and trade barriers are breaking down. Consequently, there are tremendous opportunities for businesses to broaden their markets into foreign countries. The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine whether marketing methods should be adapted to different markets based on specific cultural factors.
BMany theorists argue that, with the ‘shrinking of the world, global standardization is inevitable. Over time, and as economies develop, it has been suggested that consumer buying patterns will blend into on another and national differences may disappear. Kellogg, the American breakfast cereal producer, has been very influential in challenging consumption patterns in countries outside the United States. In France, for example, breakfast cereals were almost unheard of, and market research suggested that the market was closed to companies like Kellogg. However, today, there is a demand for breakfast cereal across France. Nevertheless, the standardization of products for worldwide consumption in this way is rarely the most effective strategy as it evident from an analysis of the following key aspects of global marketing.
CFirst of all, it is considered better business practice by many large, established companies to change their products from one country to the next. Take the example of Coca-Cola. The recipe for this drink is change to suit local tastes – the brand in the US is much sweeter than in the UK, whilst in India the product’s herbs and flouring are given more emphasis. In terms of the car industry, it would be too expensive for manufacturers to develop and build completely different vehicles for different markets yet a single global model is likely to appeal to no one. In response to varying needs, Nissan, for example, sells in 75 different markets, but has eight different chassis designs. The Ford Mondeo was designed with key features from different markets in mind in an effort to make its appeal as broad as possible. The best policy, as far as most multi-national companies are concerned, is to adapt their product to a particular market.
DSecondly, it is important to consider whether a product should be launched simultaneously in all countries (known as a ‘sprinkler launch’) or sequentially in one market after another (‘a waterfall launch’). In practice, most companies producing consumer goods tend to launch a new product in one or two markets at a time rather than attempt to launch a product across a range of countries at a single time. Many high-tech products such as Blu-ray players reach the market in Japan before reaching the UK. Hollywood films are often seen in the United States weeks or months before they arrive in other countries.
EThe advantage for firms is that it is easier to launch in one market at a time. Effort and concentration can be focused to ensure the best possible entry into the market. Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in a single market and can be corrected prior to launch elsewhere. Even though this method can be time-consuming, it is usually a safer approach than a simultaneous launch. Despite this, in certain highly competitive markets such as computer chips, companies such as Intel tend to launch their new products internationally at the same time to keep the product ahead of its competitors.
FThe final consideration when planning to enter a global market, rather than assuming the product will suit all markets is to take cultural differences into account. Prices have to convert to a different currency and any literature has to be translated into a different language. There are also less tangible differences. It is quite possible that common practices in one country can cause offence and have grave consequences for business success in another. In one situation in China, a western businessman caused offence to a group of local delegates because he started to fill out the paperwork immediately after shaking hands on a deal. Completing the legal documents so soon after the negotiations was regarded as undermining the host’s trust. Knowledge about such culture differences is absolutely vital.
GTherefore, if a company is attempting to broaden its operations globally, it must take the time to find out about local customs and methods of business operation. Equally important is to ensure that such information is available to all necessary workers in the organization, For example, in order to attempt to avoid causing offence to passengers from abroad, British Airways aims to raise awareness of cultural differences amongst all its cabin crew.
HIt can be concluded that global standardization of products to ‘fit’ all markets unlikely to be the most viable option. Marketing methods employed will depend on many factors, such as the type of products, the degree of competition, the reputation of the firm and/or the brand, the state of the economy into which the product is to be launched and how and when to launch. In short, the key to marketing success on a global level is to have sufficient information on how cultural differences are likely affect the marketing of a product and then allow the appropriate decisions to be made.
In high-tech market, companies tend to introduce their new products internationally at the same time to…
AFor business, the world is becoming a smaller place. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier, communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world and trade barriers are breaking down. Consequently, there are tremendous opportunities for businesses to broaden their markets into foreign countries. The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine whether marketing methods should be adapted to different markets based on specific cultural factors.
BMany theorists argue that, with the ‘shrinking of the world, global standardization is inevitable. Over time, and as economies develop, it has been suggested that consumer buying patterns will blend into on another and national differences may disappear. Kellogg, the American breakfast cereal producer, has been very influential in challenging consumption patterns in countries outside the United States. In France, for example, breakfast cereals were almost unheard of, and market research suggested that the market was closed to companies like Kellogg. However, today, there is a demand for breakfast cereal across France. Nevertheless, the standardization of products for worldwide consumption in this way is rarely the most effective strategy as it evident from an analysis of the following key aspects of global marketing.
CFirst of all, it is considered better business practice by many large, established companies to change their products from one country to the next. Take the example of Coca-Cola. The recipe for this drink is change to suit local tastes – the brand in the US is much sweeter than in the UK, whilst in India the product’s herbs and flouring are given more emphasis. In terms of the car industry, it would be too expensive for manufacturers to develop and build completely different vehicles for different markets yet a single global model is likely to appeal to no one. In response to varying needs, Nissan, for example, sells in 75 different markets, but has eight different chassis designs. The Ford Mondeo was designed with key features from different markets in mind in an effort to make its appeal as broad as possible. The best policy, as far as most multi-national companies are concerned, is to adapt their product to a particular market.
DSecondly, it is important to consider whether a product should be launched simultaneously in all countries (known as a ‘sprinkler launch’) or sequentially in one market after another (‘a waterfall launch’). In practice, most companies producing consumer goods tend to launch a new product in one or two markets at a time rather than attempt to launch a product across a range of countries at a single time. Many high-tech products such as Blu-ray players reach the market in Japan before reaching the UK. Hollywood films are often seen in the United States weeks or months before they arrive in other countries.
EThe advantage for firms is that it is easier to launch in one market at a time. Effort and concentration can be focused to ensure the best possible entry into the market. Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in a single market and can be corrected prior to launch elsewhere. Even though this method can be time-consuming, it is usually a safer approach than a simultaneous launch. Despite this, in certain highly competitive markets such as computer chips, companies such as Intel tend to launch their new products internationally at the same time to keep the product ahead of its competitors.
FThe final consideration when planning to enter a global market, rather than assuming the product will suit all markets is to take cultural differences into account. Prices have to convert to a different currency and any literature has to be translated into a different language. There are also less tangible differences. It is quite possible that common practices in one country can cause offence and have grave consequences for business success in another. In one situation in China, a western businessman caused offence to a group of local delegates because he started to fill out the paperwork immediately after shaking hands on a deal. Completing the legal documents so soon after the negotiations was regarded as undermining the host’s trust. Knowledge about such culture differences is absolutely vital.
GTherefore, if a company is attempting to broaden its operations globally, it must take the time to find out about local customs and methods of business operation. Equally important is to ensure that such information is available to all necessary workers in the organization, For example, in order to attempt to avoid causing offence to passengers from abroad, British Airways aims to raise awareness of cultural differences amongst all its cabin crew.
HIt can be concluded that global standardization of products to ‘fit’ all markets unlikely to be the most viable option. Marketing methods employed will depend on many factors, such as the type of products, the degree of competition, the reputation of the firm and/or the brand, the state of the economy into which the product is to be launched and how and when to launch. In short, the key to marketing success on a global level is to have sufficient information on how cultural differences are likely affect the marketing of a product and then allow the appropriate decisions to be made.
A businesses are considered better if…
A. They use the local employees
B. They sell their products in different countries
C. They know how to adapt their products to a particular market
AFor business, the world is becoming a smaller place. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier, communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world and trade barriers are breaking down. Consequently, there are tremendous opportunities for businesses to broaden their markets into foreign countries. The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine whether marketing methods should be adapted to different markets based on specific cultural factors.
BMany theorists argue that, with the ‘shrinking of the world, global standardization is inevitable. Over time, and as economies develop, it has been suggested that consumer buying patterns will blend into on another and national differences may disappear. Kellogg, the American breakfast cereal producer, has been very influential in challenging consumption patterns in countries outside the United States. In France, for example, breakfast cereals were almost unheard of, and market research suggested that the market was closed to companies like Kellogg. However, today, there is a demand for breakfast cereal across France. Nevertheless, the standardization of products for worldwide consumption in this way is rarely the most effective strategy as it evident from an analysis of the following key aspects of global marketing.
CFirst of all, it is considered better business practice by many large, established companies to change their products from one country to the next. Take the example of Coca-Cola. The recipe for this drink is change to suit local tastes – the brand in the US is much sweeter than in the UK, whilst in India the product’s herbs and flouring are given more emphasis. In terms of the car industry, it would be too expensive for manufacturers to develop and build completely different vehicles for different markets yet a single global model is likely to appeal to no one. In response to varying needs, Nissan, for example, sells in 75 different markets, but has eight different chassis designs. The Ford Mondeo was designed with key features from different markets in mind in an effort to make its appeal as broad as possible. The best policy, as far as most multi-national companies are concerned, is to adapt their product to a particular market.
DSecondly, it is important to consider whether a product should be launched simultaneously in all countries (known as a ‘sprinkler launch’) or sequentially in one market after another (‘a waterfall launch’). In practice, most companies producing consumer goods tend to launch a new product in one or two markets at a time rather than attempt to launch a product across a range of countries at a single time. Many high-tech products such as Blu-ray players reach the market in Japan before reaching the UK. Hollywood films are often seen in the United States weeks or months before they arrive in other countries.
EThe advantage for firms is that it is easier to launch in one market at a time. Effort and concentration can be focused to ensure the best possible entry into the market. Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in a single market and can be corrected prior to launch elsewhere. Even though this method can be time-consuming, it is usually a safer approach than a simultaneous launch. Despite this, in certain highly competitive markets such as computer chips, companies such as Intel tend to launch their new products internationally at the same time to keep the product ahead of its competitors.
FThe final consideration when planning to enter a global market, rather than assuming the product will suit all markets is to take cultural differences into account. Prices have to convert to a different currency and any literature has to be translated into a different language. There are also less tangible differences. It is quite possible that common practices in one country can cause offence and have grave consequences for business success in another. In one situation in China, a western businessman caused offence to a group of local delegates because he started to fill out the paperwork immediately after shaking hands on a deal. Completing the legal documents so soon after the negotiations was regarded as undermining the host’s trust. Knowledge about such culture differences is absolutely vital.
GTherefore, if a company is attempting to broaden its operations globally, it must take the time to find out about local customs and methods of business operation. Equally important is to ensure that such information is available to all necessary workers in the organization, For example, in order to attempt to avoid causing offence to passengers from abroad, British Airways aims to raise awareness of cultural differences amongst all its cabin crew.
HIt can be concluded that global standardization of products to ‘fit’ all markets unlikely to be the most viable option. Marketing methods employed will depend on many factors, such as the type of products, the degree of competition, the reputation of the firm and/or the brand, the state of the economy into which the product is to be launched and how and when to launch. In short, the key to marketing success on a global level is to have sufficient information on how cultural differences are likely affect the marketing of a product and then allow the appropriate decisions to be made.
What factor is the most important when the world is shrunk according to the theorists?
AFor business, the world is becoming a smaller place. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier, communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world and trade barriers are breaking down. Consequently, there are tremendous opportunities for businesses to broaden their markets into foreign countries. The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine whether marketing methods should be adapted to different markets based on specific cultural factors.
BMany theorists argue that, with the ‘shrinking of the world, global standardization is inevitable. Over time, and as economies develop, it has been suggested that consumer buying patterns will blend into on another and national differences may disappear. Kellogg, the American breakfast cereal producer, has been very influential in challenging consumption patterns in countries outside the United States. In France, for example, breakfast cereals were almost unheard of, and market research suggested that the market was closed to companies like Kellogg. However, today, there is a demand for breakfast cereal across France. Nevertheless, the standardization of products for worldwide consumption in this way is rarely the most effective strategy as it evident from an analysis of the following key aspects of global marketing.
CFirst of all, it is considered better business practice by many large, established companies to change their products from one country to the next. Take the example of Coca-Cola. The recipe for this drink is change to suit local tastes – the brand in the US is much sweeter than in the UK, whilst in India the product’s herbs and flouring are given more emphasis. In terms of the car industry, it would be too expensive for manufacturers to develop and build completely different vehicles for different markets yet a single global model is likely to appeal to no one. In response to varying needs, Nissan, for example, sells in 75 different markets, but has eight different chassis designs. The Ford Mondeo was designed with key features from different markets in mind in an effort to make its appeal as broad as possible. The best policy, as far as most multi-national companies are concerned, is to adapt their product to a particular market.
DSecondly, it is important to consider whether a product should be launched simultaneously in all countries (known as a ‘sprinkler launch’) or sequentially in one market after another (‘a waterfall launch’). In practice, most companies producing consumer goods tend to launch a new product in one or two markets at a time rather than attempt to launch a product across a range of countries at a single time. Many high-tech products such as Blu-ray players reach the market in Japan before reaching the UK. Hollywood films are often seen in the United States weeks or months before they arrive in other countries.
EThe advantage for firms is that it is easier to launch in one market at a time. Effort and concentration can be focused to ensure the best possible entry into the market. Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in a single market and can be corrected prior to launch elsewhere. Even though this method can be time-consuming, it is usually a safer approach than a simultaneous launch. Despite this, in certain highly competitive markets such as computer chips, companies such as Intel tend to launch their new products internationally at the same time to keep the product ahead of its competitors.
FThe final consideration when planning to enter a global market, rather than assuming the product will suit all markets is to take cultural differences into account. Prices have to convert to a different currency and any literature has to be translated into a different language. There are also less tangible differences. It is quite possible that common practices in one country can cause offence and have grave consequences for business success in another. In one situation in China, a western businessman caused offence to a group of local delegates because he started to fill out the paperwork immediately after shaking hands on a deal. Completing the legal documents so soon after the negotiations was regarded as undermining the host’s trust. Knowledge about such culture differences is absolutely vital.
GTherefore, if a company is attempting to broaden its operations globally, it must take the time to find out about local customs and methods of business operation. Equally important is to ensure that such information is available to all necessary workers in the organization, For example, in order to attempt to avoid causing offence to passengers from abroad, British Airways aims to raise awareness of cultural differences amongst all its cabin crew.
HIt can be concluded that global standardization of products to ‘fit’ all markets unlikely to be the most viable option. Marketing methods employed will depend on many factors, such as the type of products, the degree of competition, the reputation of the firm and/or the brand, the state of the economy into which the product is to be launched and how and when to launch. In short, the key to marketing success on a global level is to have sufficient information on how cultural differences are likely affect the marketing of a product and then allow the appropriate decisions to be made.
What is called “sprinkler launch” is the strategy where…
A. A product should be launched in all countries at different stages
B. A product should be launched in all countries at a single time
C. A product should be launched in one or two countries at a time
D. A product should be launched in all countries at the same time
AFor business, the world is becoming a smaller place. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier, communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world and trade barriers are breaking down. Consequently, there are tremendous opportunities for businesses to broaden their markets into foreign countries. The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine whether marketing methods should be adapted to different markets based on specific cultural factors.
BMany theorists argue that, with the ‘shrinking of the world, global standardization is inevitable. Over time, and as economies develop, it has been suggested that consumer buying patterns will blend into on another and national differences may disappear. Kellogg, the American breakfast cereal producer, has been very influential in challenging consumption patterns in countries outside the United States. In France, for example, breakfast cereals were almost unheard of, and market research suggested that the market was closed to companies like Kellogg. However, today, there is a demand for breakfast cereal across France. Nevertheless, the standardization of products for worldwide consumption in this way is rarely the most effective strategy as it evident from an analysis of the following key aspects of global marketing.
CFirst of all, it is considered better business practice by many large, established companies to change their products from one country to the next. Take the example of Coca-Cola. The recipe for this drink is change to suit local tastes – the brand in the US is much sweeter than in the UK, whilst in India the product’s herbs and flouring are given more emphasis. In terms of the car industry, it would be too expensive for manufacturers to develop and build completely different vehicles for different markets yet a single global model is likely to appeal to no one. In response to varying needs, Nissan, for example, sells in 75 different markets, but has eight different chassis designs. The Ford Mondeo was designed with key features from different markets in mind in an effort to make its appeal as broad as possible. The best policy, as far as most multi-national companies are concerned, is to adapt their product to a particular market.
DSecondly, it is important to consider whether a product should be launched simultaneously in all countries (known as a ‘sprinkler launch’) or sequentially in one market after another (‘a waterfall launch’). In practice, most companies producing consumer goods tend to launch a new product in one or two markets at a time rather than attempt to launch a product across a range of countries at a single time. Many high-tech products such as Blu-ray players reach the market in Japan before reaching the UK. Hollywood films are often seen in the United States weeks or months before they arrive in other countries.
EThe advantage for firms is that it is easier to launch in one market at a time. Effort and concentration can be focused to ensure the best possible entry into the market. Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in a single market and can be corrected prior to launch elsewhere. Even though this method can be time-consuming, it is usually a safer approach than a simultaneous launch. Despite this, in certain highly competitive markets such as computer chips, companies such as Intel tend to launch their new products internationally at the same time to keep the product ahead of its competitors.
FThe final consideration when planning to enter a global market, rather than assuming the product will suit all markets is to take cultural differences into account. Prices have to convert to a different currency and any literature has to be translated into a different language. There are also less tangible differences. It is quite possible that common practices in one country can cause offence and have grave consequences for business success in another. In one situation in China, a western businessman caused offence to a group of local delegates because he started to fill out the paperwork immediately after shaking hands on a deal. Completing the legal documents so soon after the negotiations was regarded as undermining the host’s trust. Knowledge about such culture differences is absolutely vital.
GTherefore, if a company is attempting to broaden its operations globally, it must take the time to find out about local customs and methods of business operation. Equally important is to ensure that such information is available to all necessary workers in the organization, For example, in order to attempt to avoid causing offence to passengers from abroad, British Airways aims to raise awareness of cultural differences amongst all its cabin crew.
HIt can be concluded that global standardization of products to ‘fit’ all markets unlikely to be the most viable option. Marketing methods employed will depend on many factors, such as the type of products, the degree of competition, the reputation of the firm and/or the brand, the state of the economy into which the product is to be launched and how and when to launch. In short, the key to marketing success on a global level is to have sufficient information on how cultural differences are likely affect the marketing of a product and then allow the appropriate decisions to be made.
Which factors decide the success of businesses when promoting their products globally?
AFor business, the world is becoming a smaller place. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier, communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world and trade barriers are breaking down. Consequently, there are tremendous opportunities for businesses to broaden their markets into foreign countries. The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine whether marketing methods should be adapted to different markets based on specific cultural factors.
BMany theorists argue that, with the ‘shrinking of the world, global standardization is inevitable. Over time, and as economies develop, it has been suggested that consumer buying patterns will blend into on another and national differences may disappear. Kellogg, the American breakfast cereal producer, has been very influential in challenging consumption patterns in countries outside the United States. In France, for example, breakfast cereals were almost unheard of, and market research suggested that the market was closed to companies like Kellogg. However, today, there is a demand for breakfast cereal across France. Nevertheless, the standardization of products for worldwide consumption in this way is rarely the most effective strategy as it evident from an analysis of the following key aspects of global marketing.
CFirst of all, it is considered better business practice by many large, established companies to change their products from one country to the next. Take the example of Coca-Cola. The recipe for this drink is change to suit local tastes – the brand in the US is much sweeter than in the UK, whilst in India the product’s herbs and flouring are given more emphasis. In terms of the car industry, it would be too expensive for manufacturers to develop and build completely different vehicles for different markets yet a single global model is likely to appeal to no one. In response to varying needs, Nissan, for example, sells in 75 different markets, but has eight different chassis designs. The Ford Mondeo was designed with key features from different markets in mind in an effort to make its appeal as broad as possible. The best policy, as far as most multi-national companies are concerned, is to adapt their product to a particular market.
DSecondly, it is important to consider whether a product should be launched simultaneously in all countries (known as a ‘sprinkler launch’) or sequentially in one market after another (‘a waterfall launch’). In practice, most companies producing consumer goods tend to launch a new product in one or two markets at a time rather than attempt to launch a product across a range of countries at a single time. Many high-tech products such as Blu-ray players reach the market in Japan before reaching the UK. Hollywood films are often seen in the United States weeks or months before they arrive in other countries.
EThe advantage for firms is that it is easier to launch in one market at a time. Effort and concentration can be focused to ensure the best possible entry into the market. Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in a single market and can be corrected prior to launch elsewhere. Even though this method can be time-consuming, it is usually a safer approach than a simultaneous launch. Despite this, in certain highly competitive markets such as computer chips, companies such as Intel tend to launch their new products internationally at the same time to keep the product ahead of its competitors.
FThe final consideration when planning to enter a global market, rather than assuming the product will suit all markets is to take cultural differences into account. Prices have to convert to a different currency and any literature has to be translated into a different language. There are also less tangible differences. It is quite possible that common practices in one country can cause offence and have grave consequences for business success in another. In one situation in China, a western businessman caused offence to a group of local delegates because he started to fill out the paperwork immediately after shaking hands on a deal. Completing the legal documents so soon after the negotiations was regarded as undermining the host’s trust. Knowledge about such culture differences is absolutely vital.
GTherefore, if a company is attempting to broaden its operations globally, it must take the time to find out about local customs and methods of business operation. Equally important is to ensure that such information is available to all necessary workers in the organization, For example, in order to attempt to avoid causing offence to passengers from abroad, British Airways aims to raise awareness of cultural differences amongst all its cabin crew.
HIt can be concluded that global standardization of products to ‘fit’ all markets unlikely to be the most viable option. Marketing methods employed will depend on many factors, such as the type of products, the degree of competition, the reputation of the firm and/or the brand, the state of the economy into which the product is to be launched and how and when to launch. In short, the key to marketing success on a global level is to have sufficient information on how cultural differences are likely affect the marketing of a product and then allow the appropriate decisions to be made.
Businesses have so many opportunities to expand their markets into foreign country because
A. The world is becoming a smaller place
B. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier
C. Communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world
D. the process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nation have been so quick in recent years
AFor business, the world is becoming a smaller place. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier, communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world and trade barriers are breaking down. Consequently, there are tremendous opportunities for businesses to broaden their markets into foreign countries. The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine whether marketing methods should be adapted to different markets based on specific cultural factors.
BMany theorists argue that, with the ‘shrinking of the world, global standardization is inevitable. Over time, and as economies develop, it has been suggested that consumer buying patterns will blend into on another and national differences may disappear. Kellogg, the American breakfast cereal producer, has been very influential in challenging consumption patterns in countries outside the United States. In France, for example, breakfast cereals were almost unheard of, and market research suggested that the market was closed to companies like Kellogg. However, today, there is a demand for breakfast cereal across France. Nevertheless, the standardization of products for worldwide consumption in this way is rarely the most effective strategy as it evident from an analysis of the following key aspects of global marketing.
CFirst of all, it is considered better business practice by many large, established companies to change their products from one country to the next. Take the example of Coca-Cola. The recipe for this drink is change to suit local tastes – the brand in the US is much sweeter than in the UK, whilst in India the product’s herbs and flouring are given more emphasis. In terms of the car industry, it would be too expensive for manufacturers to develop and build completely different vehicles for different markets yet a single global model is likely to appeal to no one. In response to varying needs, Nissan, for example, sells in 75 different markets, but has eight different chassis designs. The Ford Mondeo was designed with key features from different markets in mind in an effort to make its appeal as broad as possible. The best policy, as far as most multi-national companies are concerned, is to adapt their product to a particular market.
DSecondly, it is important to consider whether a product should be launched simultaneously in all countries (known as a ‘sprinkler launch’) or sequentially in one market after another (‘a waterfall launch’). In practice, most companies producing consumer goods tend to launch a new product in one or two markets at a time rather than attempt to launch a product across a range of countries at a single time. Many high-tech products such as Blu-ray players reach the market in Japan before reaching the UK. Hollywood films are often seen in the United States weeks or months before they arrive in other countries.
EThe advantage for firms is that it is easier to launch in one market at a time. Effort and concentration can be focused to ensure the best possible entry into the market. Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in a single market and can be corrected prior to launch elsewhere. Even though this method can be time-consuming, it is usually a safer approach than a simultaneous launch. Despite this, in certain highly competitive markets such as computer chips, companies such as Intel tend to launch their new products internationally at the same time to keep the product ahead of its competitors.
FThe final consideration when planning to enter a global market, rather than assuming the product will suit all markets is to take cultural differences into account. Prices have to convert to a different currency and any literature has to be translated into a different language. There are also less tangible differences. It is quite possible that common practices in one country can cause offence and have grave consequences for business success in another. In one situation in China, a western businessman caused offence to a group of local delegates because he started to fill out the paperwork immediately after shaking hands on a deal. Completing the legal documents so soon after the negotiations was regarded as undermining the host’s trust. Knowledge about such culture differences is absolutely vital.
GTherefore, if a company is attempting to broaden its operations globally, it must take the time to find out about local customs and methods of business operation. Equally important is to ensure that such information is available to all necessary workers in the organization, For example, in order to attempt to avoid causing offence to passengers from abroad, British Airways aims to raise awareness of cultural differences amongst all its cabin crew.
HIt can be concluded that global standardization of products to ‘fit’ all markets unlikely to be the most viable option. Marketing methods employed will depend on many factors, such as the type of products, the degree of competition, the reputation of the firm and/or the brand, the state of the economy into which the product is to be launched and how and when to launch. In short, the key to marketing success on a global level is to have sufficient information on how cultural differences are likely affect the marketing of a product and then allow the appropriate decisions to be made.
For businesses, cultural difference is considered as
AFor business, the world is becoming a smaller place. Travel and transportation are becoming quicker and easier, communications can be instantaneous to any part of the world and trade barriers are breaking down. Consequently, there are tremendous opportunities for businesses to broaden their markets into foreign countries. The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine whether marketing methods should be adapted to different markets based on specific cultural factors.
BMany theorists argue that, with the ‘shrinking of the world, global standardization is inevitable. Over time, and as economies develop, it has been suggested that consumer buying patterns will blend into on another and national differences may disappear. Kellogg, the American breakfast cereal producer, has been very influential in challenging consumption patterns in countries outside the United States. In France, for example, breakfast cereals were almost unheard of, and market research suggested that the market was closed to companies like Kellogg. However, today, there is a demand for breakfast cereal across France. Nevertheless, the standardization of products for worldwide consumption in this way is rarely the most effective strategy as it evident from an analysis of the following key aspects of global marketing.
CFirst of all, it is considered better business practice by many large, established companies to change their products from one country to the next. Take the example of Coca-Cola. The recipe for this drink is change to suit local tastes – the brand in the US is much sweeter than in the UK, whilst in India the product’s herbs and flouring are given more emphasis. In terms of the car industry, it would be too expensive for manufacturers to develop and build completely different vehicles for different markets yet a single global model is likely to appeal to no one. In response to varying needs, Nissan, for example, sells in 75 different markets, but has eight different chassis designs. The Ford Mondeo was designed with key features from different markets in mind in an effort to make its appeal as broad as possible. The best policy, as far as most multi-national companies are concerned, is to adapt their product to a particular market.
DSecondly, it is important to consider whether a product should be launched simultaneously in all countries (known as a ‘sprinkler launch’) or sequentially in one market after another (‘a waterfall launch’). In practice, most companies producing consumer goods tend to launch a new product in one or two markets at a time rather than attempt to launch a product across a range of countries at a single time. Many high-tech products such as Blu-ray players reach the market in Japan before reaching the UK. Hollywood films are often seen in the United States weeks or months before they arrive in other countries.
EThe advantage for firms is that it is easier to launch in one market at a time. Effort and concentration can be focused to ensure the best possible entry into the market. Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in a single market and can be corrected prior to launch elsewhere. Even though this method can be time-consuming, it is usually a safer approach than a simultaneous launch. Despite this, in certain highly competitive markets such as computer chips, companies such as Intel tend to launch their new products internationally at the same time to keep the product ahead of its competitors.
FThe final consideration when planning to enter a global market, rather than assuming the product will suit all markets is to take cultural differences into account. Prices have to convert to a different currency and any literature has to be translated into a different language. There are also less tangible differences. It is quite possible that common practices in one country can cause offence and have grave consequences for business success in another. In one situation in China, a western businessman caused offence to a group of local delegates because he started to fill out the paperwork immediately after shaking hands on a deal. Completing the legal documents so soon after the negotiations was regarded as undermining the host’s trust. Knowledge about such culture differences is absolutely vital.
GTherefore, if a company is attempting to broaden its operations globally, it must take the time to find out about local customs and methods of business operation. Equally important is to ensure that such information is available to all necessary workers in the organization, For example, in order to attempt to avoid causing offence to passengers from abroad, British Airways aims to raise awareness of cultural differences amongst all its cabin crew.
HIt can be concluded that global standardization of products to ‘fit’ all markets unlikely to be the most viable option. Marketing methods employed will depend on many factors, such as the type of products, the degree of competition, the reputation of the firm and/or the brand, the state of the economy into which the product is to be launched and how and when to launch. In short, the key to marketing success on a global level is to have sufficient information on how cultural differences are likely affect the marketing of a product and then allow the appropriate decisions to be made.
In the days of Stanley and Livingstone, much of the world was still unexplored. Today, most places on the surface of the world have been mapped. Some places, however, are still waiting to be discovered. Some of these are underground, in deep caves called blue holes.
A blue holes is a special kind of inlandunderwater cave. The cave forms when the earth above it falls in. Some of the world’s most spectacular blue holes are located in the Bahamas. The islands there may have more than a thousand blues holes. These caves are very deep – for example, Dean’s Blue Hole, the deepest blue hole in the world, is more than 660 feet (200 meters) deep.
Diving into blue holes is extremely dangerous. Near the top of a blue hole, there is a layer of poisonous gas. This gas causes itching, dizziness, and – in large amounts – death. Divers must also be fast. They have to get in and out of a cave before their oxygen run out. Additionally, it’s very dark in these caves, so it is very easy to get lost. Divers therefore have to follow a guideline as they swim through a blue hole. If they lose the guideline, they may not find their way back out of the cave.
If blue holes are so dangerous, why do explorers and scientists risk their lives to explore them? One reason is that these underwater caves can provide valuable scientific information. They provide clues about geology, archaeology, and even astrobiology – the study of life in the universe. For example, some blue hole creatures, such as the remipede, probably haven’t changed for millions of years. Divers have also found bacteria that can live without oxygen. Similar life forms probably existed on Earth billions of years ago.
In addition, the oxygen-free environment of the blue holes preserves bones of humans and animals that fell into the caves long ago. By studying the blue holes, we can understand what life was like in prehistorictimes. As cave diver Kenny Broad says, “I can think of no other environment on Earth that is so challenging to explore and gives us so much scientifically.”
Windows on an Alien World?
An inland blue hole’s water is very still and has different layers. A layer of fresh rainwater floats on top of salt water. The fresh water keeps oxygen from the atmosphere from reaching the salt water. Brightly colored bacteria live where the two layers meet. Scientists believe these bacteria could teach us about life in outer space. Astrobiologist Kevin Hand says the bacteria may be similar to forms of life that might exist on Jupiter’s fourth largest moon, Europa. “Our study of life’s extremes on Earth,” says Hand, can help increase “our understanding of habitable environments off Earth.”
Why diving into blue holes is extremely dangerous?
In the days of Stanley and Livingstone, much of the world was still unexplored. Today, most places on the surface of the world have been mapped. Some places, however, are still waiting to be discovered. Some of these are underground, in deep caves called blue holes.
A blue holes is a special kind of inlandunderwater cave. The cave forms when the earth above it falls in. Some of the world’s most spectacular blue holes are located in the Bahamas. The islands there may have more than a thousand blues holes. These caves are very deep – for example, Dean’s Blue Hole, the deepest blue hole in the world, is more than 660 feet (200 meters) deep.
Diving into blue holes is extremely dangerous. Near the top of a blue hole, there is a layer of poisonous gas. This gas causes itching, dizziness, and – in large amounts – death. Divers must also be fast. They have to get in and out of a cave before their oxygen run out. Additionally, it’s very dark in these caves, so it is very easy to get lost. Divers therefore have to follow a guideline as they swim through a blue hole. If they lose the guideline, they may not find their way back out of the cave.
If blue holes are so dangerous, why do explorers and scientists risk their lives to explore them? One reason is that these underwater caves can provide valuable scientific information. They provide clues about geology, archaeology, and even astrobiology – the study of life in the universe. For example, some blue hole creatures, such as the remipede, probably haven’t changed for millions of years. Divers have also found bacteria that can live without oxygen. Similar life forms probably existed on Earth billions of years ago.
In addition, the oxygen-free environment of the blue holes preserves bones of humans and animals that fell into the caves long ago. By studying the blue holes, we can understand what life was like in prehistorictimes. As cave diver Kenny Broad says, “I can think of no other environment on Earth that is so challenging to explore and gives us so much scientifically.”
Windows on an Alien World?
An inland blue hole’s water is very still and has different layers. A layer of fresh rainwater floats on top of salt water. The fresh water keeps oxygen from the atmosphere from reaching the salt water. Brightly colored bacteria live where the two layers meet. Scientists believe these bacteria could teach us about life in outer space. Astrobiologist Kevin Hand says the bacteria may be similar to forms of life that might exist on Jupiter’s fourth largest moon, Europa. “Our study of life’s extremes on Earth,” says Hand, can help increase “our understanding of habitable environments off Earth.”
In the days of Stanley and Livingstone, much of the world was still unexplored. Today, most places on the surface of the world have been mapped. Some places, however, are still waiting to be discovered. Some of these are underground, in deep caves called blue holes.
A blue holes is a special kind of inlandunderwater cave. The cave forms when the earth above it falls in. Some of the world’s most spectacular blue holes are located in the Bahamas. The islands there may have more than a thousand blues holes. These caves are very deep – for example, Dean’s Blue Hole, the deepest blue hole in the world, is more than 660 feet (200 meters) deep.
Diving into blue holes is extremely dangerous. Near the top of a blue hole, there is a layer of poisonous gas. This gas causes itching, dizziness, and – in large amounts – death. Divers must also be fast. They have to get in and out of a cave before their oxygen run out. Additionally, it’s very dark in these caves, so it is very easy to get lost. Divers therefore have to follow a guideline as they swim through a blue hole. If they lose the guideline, they may not find their way back out of the cave.
If blue holes are so dangerous, why do explorers and scientists risk their lives to explore them? One reason is that these underwater caves can provide valuable scientific information. They provide clues about geology, archaeology, and even astrobiology – the study of life in the universe. For example, some blue hole creatures, such as the remipede, probably haven’t changed for millions of years. Divers have also found bacteria that can live without oxygen. Similar life forms probably existed on Earth billions of years ago.
In addition, the oxygen-free environment of the blue holes preserves bones of humans and animals that fell into the caves long ago. By studying the blue holes, we can understand what life was like in prehistorictimes. As cave diver Kenny Broad says, “I can think of no other environment on Earth that is so challenging to explore and gives us so much scientifically.”
Windows on an Alien World?
An inland blue hole’s water is very still and has different layers. A layer of fresh rainwater floats on top of salt water. The fresh water keeps oxygen from the atmosphere from reaching the salt water. Brightly colored bacteria live where the two layers meet. Scientists believe these bacteria could teach us about life in outer space. Astrobiologist Kevin Hand says the bacteria may be similar to forms of life that might exist on Jupiter’s fourth largest moon, Europa. “Our study of life’s extremes on Earth,” says Hand, can help increase “our understanding of habitable environments off Earth.”
Where are the world’s most spectacular blue holes discovered?
In the days of Stanley and Livingstone, much of the world was still unexplored. Today, most places on the surface of the world have been mapped. Some places, however, are still waiting to be discovered. Some of these are underground, in deep caves called blue holes.
A blue holes is a special kind of inlandunderwater cave. The cave forms when the earth above it falls in. Some of the world’s most spectacular blue holes are located in the Bahamas. The islands there may have more than a thousand blues holes. These caves are very deep – for example, Dean’s Blue Hole, the deepest blue hole in the world, is more than 660 feet (200 meters) deep.
Diving into blue holes is extremely dangerous. Near the top of a blue hole, there is a layer of poisonous gas. This gas causes itching, dizziness, and – in large amounts – death. Divers must also be fast. They have to get in and out of a cave before their oxygen run out. Additionally, it’s very dark in these caves, so it is very easy to get lost. Divers therefore have to follow a guideline as they swim through a blue hole. If they lose the guideline, they may not find their way back out of the cave.
If blue holes are so dangerous, why do explorers and scientists risk their lives to explore them? One reason is that these underwater caves can provide valuable scientific information. They provide clues about geology, archaeology, and even astrobiology – the study of life in the universe. For example, some blue hole creatures, such as the remipede, probably haven’t changed for millions of years. Divers have also found bacteria that can live without oxygen. Similar life forms probably existed on Earth billions of years ago.
In addition, the oxygen-free environment of the blue holes preserves bones of humans and animals that fell into the caves long ago. By studying the blue holes, we can understand what life was like in prehistorictimes. As cave diver Kenny Broad says, “I can think of no other environment on Earth that is so challenging to explore and gives us so much scientifically.”
Windows on an Alien World?
An inland blue hole’s water is very still and has different layers. A layer of fresh rainwater floats on top of salt water. The fresh water keeps oxygen from the atmosphere from reaching the salt water. Brightly colored bacteria live where the two layers meet. Scientists believe these bacteria could teach us about life in outer space. Astrobiologist Kevin Hand says the bacteria may be similar to forms of life that might exist on Jupiter’s fourth largest moon, Europa. “Our study of life’s extremes on Earth,” says Hand, can help increase “our understanding of habitable environments off Earth.”
What are divers are suggested?
A. To move fast when being in blue holes
B. To move fast when being in blue holes and To follow a guideline when swimming through a blue hole
C. To follow a guideline when swimming through a blue hole
D. Not to discover the cave alone but in group
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