The device of substitution was not extensively used' in either text. Only the ST employed it once, .........................................

Finally, pragmatic understanding is related to .................................... ........................................In

that case, the target does not state what is transferred, but it states the requirement of the

process.

Translators need .................... ...................................................that help to achieve their goals in

enhancing communication across different nations.

Furthermore, words such as hence and so indicate that there is a preceding segment of text presenting a cause or reason, and ...

......................................................

Similarly to pronoun reference, the cohesive device of conjunction proves ........................................

............................... of the Target Text.

As in the case of referential cohesive devices, the translator also ................................................the strategy of deletion while translating the condi-

tional conjunction "even if".

While the presence of specialized  is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not ...............

............................ classifying a text as "technical" since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology

Transliteration is the process rendering the letters of one alphabet in terms of the letters of another with a different alphabetical system. In transcription the pronunciation of ................................................is transcribed in the alphabetical system of the Target Language.

Literal translation ....................

.................word to word; group to group; collocation to collocation; clause to clause; sentence to sentence. The smaller the unit, the commoner the approach, following the basic translation procedures.

Technical translation is a type of  involving the  of documents ............................................ (, , etc.), or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information.

Different types of translation can be singled out ............................the

predominant communicative function of the source text or the form of speech involved in the translation process.

Translation is a .............. of actions performed by the translator while rendering the source text into another language.

.

A number of subdivisions can be also suggested for informative

translations, though the principles of ............................. here are somewhat different.

It is ......................... that the translation has the same meaning as the original text.

The ...................... of the translation should follow that of the original text.

The transformational model postulates that in any two languages there is a number of nuclear structures which are fully ............... ... .... ........ each other.

Translation shifts ....................... both at the lower level of language, i.e. the lexicogrammar, and at the higher thematic level of text. 

Literary translation deals with literary texts, i.e. works of fiction or poetry whose main function is to make an .......................... or aesthetic impression upon the reader.

The concept of context has been extensively studied by different linguists from ..............

.............................., such as

pragmatics and systemic-functional linguistics.

The original text may deal ........... .............any subject from general philosophical principles or postulates to minute technicalities in some obscure field of human endeavour.