In addition to reading comprehension ability, the knowledge of specialized subjects .......................................................and a wide cultural background, and the global vision of cross-cultural and interlingual communication.

In most cases, a translator decodes a text ................................................, conditioned by his ideology and world knowledge

Word-for-word translation transfers Source Language grammar and .................................., as well as the primary meanings of all the Source Language words into the translation, and is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences.

Technical and scientific translation has traditionally been the dogsbody of theoretical discussions of translation. The underlying rationale when approaching this type of translation has usually been that literature .............................a creative elaboration of language.

Conjunctive cohesion is the type of cohesion commonly and most extensively dealt with ....................

.....................................It is often referred to as “transitional devices.”

Text is a meaningful unit, but to guide persons towards meanings it is recommended to start from ....................................................

................................after that inspect the STs and their probable translation.

The topical Theme is divided into two subtypes: ........................

............................................Simple marked Theme refers to when a topical element is chosen for

foregrounding while simple unmarked Theme refers to that which is most usual.

Thematic progression helps give cohesion and thus coherence to a text, guiding the reader through the text ................................................

Translation ........................ is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of , , and .

Contemporary translation activities of a translator are characterized by

a great variety of types, ................. and levels of his responsibility.

Each language has an area of equivalence in ........................ to the other language.

Translators usually have to deal with six different problematic areas in their work, .....................

..................they are translating technical documents or a sworn statement.

Furthermore, the fourth device —substitution— is marked by

the use of nouns, verbs or clauses ......................................... ...................................previously presented.

.

The process of ................................

........................in a target language involves both lexico-grammatical and pragmatic analysis.

........................................, the theory of translation should be a branch of comparative linguistics. His approach was purely linguistic and textual.

Technical translation is a type of  involving the  of documents ............................................ (, , etc.), or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information.

Literal translation ....................

.................word to word; group to group; collocation to collocation; clause to clause; sentence to sentence. The smaller the unit, the commoner the approach, following the basic translation procedures.

Transliteration is the process rendering the letters of one alphabet in terms of the letters of another with a different alphabetical system. In transcription the pronunciation of ................................................is transcribed in the alphabetical system of the Target Language.

While the presence of specialized  is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not ...............

............................ classifying a text as "technical" since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology

A world of ............................... .............................needs translators that beside their specialized

knowledge in the two languages, they should also experience intercultural competence.