Word-for-word translation transfers Source Language grammar and .................................., as well as the primary meanings of all the Source Language words into the translation, and is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences.

Technical and scientific translation has traditionally been the dogsbody of theoretical discussions of translation. The underlying rationale when approaching this type of translation has usually been that literature .............................a creative elaboration of language.

Text is a meaningful unit, but to guide persons towards meanings it is recommended to start from ....................................................

................................after that inspect the STs and their probable translation.

The concept of context has been extensively studied by different linguists from ..............

.............................., such as

pragmatics and systemic-functional linguistics.

The original text may deal ........... .............any subject from general philosophical principles or postulates to minute technicalities in some obscure field of human endeavour.

Theme and Rheme boundary is a sequential ordering and range

of possible groups or phrases that use for setting ........................... ...............................structure.

Thematic structure includes Theme and Thematic

progression patterns, information structure includes ....................................................and cohesion includes reference, conjunction, ellipsis and lexical cohesion.

.

The ideational is subdivided into two components, i.e., “experiential” and “logical”. They convey ............

The distinctive relationship between .......................................................is established by the ability

of translation to approximate a multilingual communication to a monolingual one.

In regard to reference, the Target Text tends .................................

.............................................that are equivalent to the ones used in the Source Text.

The device of substitution was not extensively used' in either text. Only the ST employed it once, .........................................

Finally, pragmatic understanding is related to .................................... ........................................In

that case, the target does not state what is transferred, but it states the requirement of the

process.

Translators need .................... ...................................................that help to achieve their goals in

enhancing communication across different nations.

Furthermore, words such as hence and so indicate that there is a preceding segment of text presenting a cause or reason, and ...

......................................................

Similarly to pronoun reference, the cohesive device of conjunction proves ........................................

............................... of the Target Text.

There are also omissions, partial equivalences and even complete alterations of ................................

..............................................in the ST.

As in the case of referential cohesive devices, the translator also ................................................the strategy of deletion while translating the condi-

tional conjunction "even if".

A world of ............................... .............................needs translators that beside their specialized

knowledge in the two languages, they should also experience intercultural competence.

While the presence of specialized  is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not ...............

............................ classifying a text as "technical" since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology

Transliteration is the process rendering the letters of one alphabet in terms of the letters of another with a different alphabetical system. In transcription the pronunciation of ................................................is transcribed in the alphabetical system of the Target Language.